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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
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Geroscience: A Translational Review.

Stephen B Kritchevsky1, Steven R Cummings2,3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, and the Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest University of School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

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|August 7, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Geroscience targets aging pathways to prevent age-related diseases and disability. Therapies like caloric restriction and senolytics show promise in extending healthspan and lifespan.

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Area of Science:

  • Geroscience
  • Aging biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Age-related diseases like stroke, heart failure, and cancer increase with age.
  • Current medical therapies target specific diseases but do not modify the aging process itself.
  • Animal studies demonstrate that interventions can slow aging and improve healthspan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of geroscience to modify aging pathways.
  • To investigate therapies that may slow age-related disease and functional decline.
  • To increase disability-free survival through aging interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on geroscience and aging interventions.
  • Analysis of animal model studies on caloric restriction, rapamycin, and senolytics.
  • Examination of human studies on aging biomarkers and interventions.

Main Results:

  • Caloric restriction and rapamycin extended lifespan and improved health in animal models.
  • Senescent cells accumulate with age, correlating with physical impairments and mortality.
  • Interventions targeting aging biology show potential for human health benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Therapies inhibiting aging biology, including caloric restriction, metformin, senolytics, and rapalogs, may slow disease progression.
  • Geroscience offers a novel approach to prevent and treat multiple age-related conditions simultaneously.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the health benefits of reducing senescent cells in humans.