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Related Concept Videos

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Naturally occurring surface water foams as a PFAS sampling matrix.

Donovan S Vitale1, Donald M Reeves1, Ethan S Coffin1

  • 1Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, USA.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|August 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Surface water foam (SWF) captures a wider range of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) than surface water alone. Dry foams concentrate ultra-long-chain PFAS, offering a valuable complementary sampling method for environmental monitoring.

Keywords:
ContaminantsFoam formationPFAS enrichmentSamplingSurfactants

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Water Quality Monitoring

Background:

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants.
  • Understanding PFAS distribution in aquatic ecosystems is crucial for risk assessment.
  • Surface water foam (SWF) represents a unique environmental matrix potentially accumulating specific PFAS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and composition of PFAS in surface water foam (SWF) and surface water (SW).
  • To compare PFAS concentrations and profiles between SWF and SW.
  • To differentiate PFAS composition between wet and dry SWFs and propose an aging model.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of SWF and SW samples from six Michigan sites using a novel device.
  • Quantification of 41 PFAS compounds using advanced analytical techniques.
  • Statistical analysis including principal component and cluster analyses.

Main Results:

  • PFAS were detected in all SWF samples, with concentrations significantly higher than in SW.
  • SWF samples showed enrichment in high and intermediate molecular volume PFAS, including ultra-long-chain variants.
  • Dry SWFs exhibited higher total PFAS concentrations and were dominated by high molecular volume PFAS compared to wet SWFs.

Conclusions:

  • SWF is a valuable complementary matrix for detecting and quantifying a broader spectrum of PFAS, especially high and intermediate molecular volume compounds.
  • The proposed conceptual model explains PFAS compositional changes during SWF evolution and aging.
  • This study highlights the importance of considering SWF in environmental PFAS assessments.