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Related Concept Videos

Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description01:30

Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description

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The pleura is a vital part of the respiratory system. It's a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are:
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Pleura of the Lungs01:13

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The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...
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Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

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Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's...
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Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

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Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

364
Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

344
A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice
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Pleural mesothelioma.

Dean A Fennell1,2, Yoshitaka Sekido3, Paul Baas4,5

  • 1University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. df132@leicester.ac.uk.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|August 7, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mesothelioma, a cancer linked to asbestos exposure, is diagnosed through various methods and classified by histology. Immune checkpoint inhibitors now lead treatment, improving outcomes over chemotherapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive cancer primarily caused by asbestos exposure.
  • Its incidence rose globally with asbestos use and is linked to chronic inflammation and DNA damage.
  • Key genetic alterations involve tumor suppressor genes like BAP1, CDKN2A, and TP53.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of mesothelioma, including its causes, diagnosis, subtypes, and current treatment strategies.
  • To highlight the shift in first-line treatment from chemotherapy to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mesothelioma epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Analysis of diagnostic tools including imaging, cytology, histology, and immunohistochemistry.
  • Examination of genetic predispositions and tumor suppressor alterations.

Main Results:

  • Mesothelioma presents with symptoms like dyspnea and fatigue, often due to pleural effusion.
  • Histological subtypes (epithelioid, biphasic, sarcomatoid) correlate with prognosis.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD1, CTLA4) demonstrate improved efficacy over traditional chemotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Mesothelioma diagnosis relies on integrated clinical, imaging, and pathological findings.
  • Emerging immunotherapies represent a significant advancement in mesothelioma treatment.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the roles of surgery and radiotherapy.