Utilization of probiotics against virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis

Bovine mastitis is an important economic and public health issue of the milk sector which leads to reduction in milk-production, quality, and increased culling rates. The main causative is Staphylococcus aureus because this microorganism has ability to produce the virulence factors like hemolysins. However, these factors enhance defense against host immune system and produce antibiotic resistance because the antibiotic agents are frequently used and also the antibiotic residues may be remained in the milk which is a major publish health concern. This issue can be counteracted by alternative such as probiotics. Therefore, this review focuses on the utilization of probiotics against Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors and product the mammary glands from commensal and colonizing to disease. it highlights how probiotics interfere against pathogenesis such as; biofilm production, hemolysins, adhesion, invasion into mammary epithelial cells, and quorum-sensing signaling, all of which are pivotal for colonization. Ultimately, probiotics proves advantageous in treating and preventing bovine mastitis, potentially contributing to an extended disease-free period and reduce the frequent use of antibiotics. The aims of this study are to systematically summarize the mechanisms by which probiotics counteract Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors, evaluate the efficacy of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis and provide a theoretical basis for the practical application of probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics in the dairy industry.