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Perception

Perception

Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...

Extrasensory Perception

Extrasensory Perception

Extrasensory perception, or ESP, suggests the ability to perceive events beyond the conventional senses of sight, hearing, and touch. Parapsychologists, who research ESP and related psychic phenomena, categorize ESP into three main types: precognition, telepathy, and clairvoyance.
Precognition involves foreseeing future events, such as predicting an accident before it happens. An example of precognition could be someone dreaming about a specific event, like a car crash, which then occurs...

Introduction to Special Senses

Introduction to Special Senses

Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...

Gestalt Principles of Perception

Gestalt Principles of Perception

Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...

Somatosensation

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Published on: March 8, 2019

Perceiving exertion in others: From interoception to exteroception.

Manlu Liu¹, Veronica Dudarev², Anouk J de Brouwer³

¹Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. manlu.liu@psych.ubc.ca.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

|August 8, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores how accurately people perceive exertion in others, moving beyond self-reported exertion. Understanding social perception of physical exertion is crucial for cooperation and competition.

Keywords:

Action understanding Perceived effort Perceived exertion Predictive coding RPE Social cognition Visual perception

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Area of Science:

Physiology
Social Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Traditional research on exertion focuses on internal, first-person signals and objective measures.
Limited research exists on the external observation and perception of exertion in others.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the correlation between observing others' exertion and self-reported exertion or objective energy expenditure.
To identify factors influencing the accuracy of perceiving exertion in other individuals.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on self-perceived exertion.
Analysis of studies on the exteroceptive signals of exertion in others.
Exploration of behavioral and neural mechanisms in social perception of exertion.

Main Results:

Limited literature suggests potential exteroceptive cues for exertion in others.
Broader literature on action and social perception offers insights into underlying mechanisms.

Conclusions:

Accurate perception of exertion in others is vital for social interactions like cooperation and competition.
Further research is needed to integrate the perception of exertion into the broader field of social perception.