Validation of Two-Factor Authentication Technology Using Smartcard with Biometric Capabilities

This study investigated a low-cost two-factor authentication system using smartcards with biometric fingerprint authentication. Compared to traditional two-factor methods, the proposed system simplifies implementation and reduces costs by requiring only a smartcard authentication system without the need for an additional biometric authentication server. The system also streamlines initial enrolment while maintaining security through fingerprint verification, which disables lost or stolen cards after failed attempts. This approach provides a secure, low-cost alternative to two-factor authentication, particularly suitable for hospital information systems that require a high level of security.