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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Capsid Restructuring Activates Semi-Conservative dsRNA Transcription in Cystovirus ɸ6.

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    This study visualizes semi-conservative transcription in cystovirus ɸ6 using cryo-EM. We reveal how nucleotide binding triggers capsid changes and transcription complex assembly for viral RNA synthesis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Structural Biology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses replicate within protective capsids.
    • Most dsRNA viruses, unlike Reovirales, use semi-conservative transcription, with the positive strand acting as messenger RNA (mRNA).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To visualize the molecular mechanism of semi-conservative transcription activation in cystovirus ɸ6.
    • To elucidate the structural changes and protein interactions involved in initiating viral RNA synthesis.

    Main Methods:

    • Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was used to visualize transcription activation in intact cystovirus ɸ6 particles.
    • Biochemical assays were performed to determine the role of protein P7 in transcription.

    Main Results:

    • Nucleotide binding induces disassembly of the outer capsid layer and expansion of the inner capsid.
    • Transcription complexes assemble at the poles of the dsRNA genome, involving viral polymerases and the minor protein P7.
    • Protein P7 is essential for continuous transcription, and packaging hexamers facilitate mRNA export.

    Conclusions:

    • The study defines the pathway from a quiescent viral state to activated semi-conservative transcription.
    • Structural insights into cystovirus transcription provide a model for other dsRNA viruses utilizing similar mechanisms.