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Hookah Smoking and Risk of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Insights From a Case-Control Study in Iran
Hadi Eshaghi Sani Kakhaki1, Nahid Shahabi1, Nooshin Ebrahimi1
1Tobacco and Health Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran.
Health Science Reports
|August 8, 2025
Summary
Hookah smoking does not appear to increase the risk of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. This study found no significant link, suggesting other factors influence H. pylori incidence.
Area of Science:
- Gastroenterology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Contradictory evidence exists regarding hookah smoking and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.
- Hookah use is increasing in popularity, raising health concerns.
- This study investigated the association between hookah smoking and H. pylori infection risk in Iran.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine if hookah smoking is a risk factor for H. pylori infection.
- To explore other potential risk factors for H. pylori infection.
Main Methods:
- A case-control study involving 320 participants (160 H. pylori positive, 160 H. pylori negative).
- Data collected via a researcher-made checklist on demographics, tobacco use, and physical exams.
- Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed.
Main Results:
- No statistically significant relationship was found between hookah smoking and H. pylori infection (OR: 1.49, p=0.170).
- Younger participants (<18 years) had lower H. pylori risk (OR: 0.45, p=0.015).
- Married individuals (OR: 0.28, p=0.001) and those with university degrees (OR: 0.40, p=0.044) showed reduced H. pylori risk.
Conclusions:
- Hookah smoking may not be a significant factor in acquiring H. pylori infection.
- The findings highlight the complex interplay of factors influencing H. pylori incidence.
- Further research is needed to understand H. pylori transmission dynamics.
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