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Over-the-air federated learning: Status quo, open challenges, and future directions

Bingnan Xiao1, Xichen Yu1, Wei Ni2

  • 1Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Department of Communication Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

Fundamental Research
|August 8, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Keywords:
Federated learningMachine learningMultiple-input multiple-outOver-the-air federated learningPrivacyReconfigurable intelligent surfaceSecurity

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