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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Published on: April 25, 2020

Biocompatible low-voltage electrothermal actuators with biological operational temperature range.

Adéla Slavíková¹, Benjamin C Baker¹, Marcos Villeda-Hernandez¹

¹School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS UK.

Communications Materials

|August 8, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed Bio35, a biocompatible, low-voltage electrothermal actuator. This artificial muscle operates at mild temperatures and shows promise for medical applications requiring precise muscle-like movement.

Keywords:

Actuators Polymers

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Soft Robotics
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Muscle loss impacts movement and physiological functions, increasing demand for artificial muscle solutions.
Existing soft actuators face challenges in biocompatibility, particularly concerning heat transfer and cytotoxicity.
Developing safe and effective artificial muscles is crucial for various biomedical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a biocompatible, low-voltage electrothermal actuator for artificial muscle applications.
To address the limitations of current soft actuators regarding heat transfer and non-cytotoxicity.
To demonstrate the potential of the developed actuator in functional systems.

Main Methods:

Synthesized Bio35 using a one-pot, solvent-free method with Epikote 828, poly(propyleneglycol) bis (2-amino-propyl-ether) (PPG), and 1,4-diamino-diphenyl-sulfone (DDS).
Characterized the actuator's electrothermal properties, operating at 3.6 V and 38.9°C.
Assessed chemical stability through over 100 actuation cycles (200 min) and conducted initial biological tests for biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity.

Main Results:

Bio35 demonstrated stable actuation performance over 100 cycles (200 min), indicating high chemical stability.
The actuator operates at a mild hyperthermic temperature (38.9°C) with low voltage (3.6 V).
Initial biological tests confirmed Bio35 is biocompatible and non-cytotoxic.

Conclusions:

Bio35 represents a promising biocompatible electrothermal actuator for artificial muscle applications.
The developed actuator shows potential for use in medical devices, such as grippers and sphincter-like valves.
Further development could lead to treatments for conditions like urinary incontinence requiring precise actuation.