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Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

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Functional expression and secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor in Lactococcus lactis

Pooi Leng Ho1, Yu Feng Chua1, Jun Ping Quek1

  • 1Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|August 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a cost-effective method for producing Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) using Lactococcus lactis for cultivated meat production. The engineered bacteria secrete bioactive FGF2, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional meat production growth factors.

Keywords:
FGF2Lactococcus lactiscultivated meatfibroblast growth factor 2precision fermentationrecombinant protein expressionserum-free media

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Cultivated meat production faces challenges with expensive growth factors.
  • Reducing production costs is crucial for scaling cultivated meat.
  • Food-grade hosts offer a strategy for cost-effective growth factor secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the production of recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) using Lactococcus lactis.
  • To optimize secretion of bioactive FGF2 in a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) organism.
  • To establish a cost-effective and sustainable method for growth factor production for cultivated meat.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered Lactococcus lactis to secrete recombinant FGF2 using USP45 secretory peptide and propeptide.
  • Optimized culture parameters including media, nisin concentration, induction, temperature, and duration.
  • Purified secreted FGF2 and tested its bioactivity on fish pre-adipocytic cells (Aj1C-2x).

Main Results:

  • Achieved production of secreted bioactive FGF2 using engineered L. lactis.
  • Optimized conditions yielded 1.97 mg/L of FGF2.
  • Purified FGF2 demonstrated comparable specific activity to commercial FGF2.
  • Demonstrated proliferation of fish pre-adipocytic cells using the produced FGF2.

Conclusions:

  • Lactococcus lactis is a viable host for producing secreted bioactive growth factors.
  • This system offers a cost-effective and endotoxin-free alternative to E. coli for growth factor production.
  • The developed method supports sustainable cultivated meat production by reducing growth factor costs.