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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Ultrahigh-Capacity Sodium Storage in Long-range Ordered Expanded Flake Graphite: Insights into the Underlying

Shuaijie He1,2, Caihong Yang2, Ying Zhang2

  • 1School of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Expanded graphite with enhanced structural order significantly boosts sodium-ion battery anode performance. This material exhibits superior sodium storage capacity and cycle stability, advancing sodium-ion battery technology.

Keywords:
Expanded flake graphiteInterlayer spaceLong‐range ordered structureNatural flake graphiteSodium storage behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Natural graphite's narrow interlayer spacing hinders sodium-ion (Na⁺) intercalation and diffusion in batteries.
  • Developing advanced anode materials is crucial for high-performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize expanded flake graphite (EFG) with improved structural order and interlayer spacing for SIB anodes.
  • To investigate the sodium storage mechanisms and electrochemical performance of the synthesized EFG.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of EFG using stepwise oxidation and high-temperature microstructure control.
  • Electrochemical performance testing (capacity, cycle stability).
  • Structural and mechanistic analysis using density functional theory (DFT), in situ XRD, in situ Raman, and 23Na MAS NMR.

Main Results:

  • EFG exhibits a long-range ordered structure that reduces Na⁺ migration energy barriers.
  • Sodium storage is dominated by pseudocapacitance via adsorption-intercalation-pore filling.
  • EFG-600°C 1h achieved 518.0 mAh g⁻¹ at 200 mA g⁻¹ after 300 cycles; a full cell demonstrated 154.4 Wh kg⁻¹ at 2000 mA g⁻¹ after 1200 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The long-range ordered structure of EFG is key to enhancing Na⁺ diffusion and storage.
  • EFG demonstrates superior performance compared to previously reported expanded graphite materials for SIB anodes.
  • This study advances the application of EFG as a high-performance anode for SIBs.