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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing
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Solution-Processed Multivalent Molybdenum Oxide Tailoring Band Alignment for Efficient Sb2S3 Solar Cells.

Hu Li1, Jia-Nan Bao1, Jin-Rui Cai1

  • 1Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Solar Energy Conversion and Energy Storage, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 8, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces molybdenum oxide (MoOx) as a green, stable hole transport layer (HTL) for antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) solar cells. This MoOx HTL significantly boosts solar cell efficiency and offers a non-toxic alternative to traditional materials.

Keywords:
MoOxSb2S3 solar cellscarbon electrodenontoxic‐HTL

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) shows promise for solar cells due to its photoelectric properties.
  • Conventional hole transport layers (HTLs) like Spiro-OMeTAD and PbS present stability and toxicity issues.
  • Developing stable, eco-friendly HTLs is crucial for advancing Sb2S3 solar cell technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and non-toxic hole transport layer (HTL) for Sb2S3 solar cells.
  • To improve the performance and stability of Sb2S3 solar cells by addressing back-contact recombination.
  • To investigate the use of molybdenum oxide (MoOx) as a novel HTL in Sb2S3 photovoltaic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a solution-processed molybdenum oxide (MoOx) hole transport layer (HTL).
  • Incorporation of sodium ascorbate into the MoOx precursor to modulate molybdenum valence states and energy levels.
  • Characterization of Sb2S3 solar cells with the novel MoOx HTL, including J-V curve analysis.

Main Results:

  • The MoOx HTL significantly improved Sb2S3 solar cell efficiency from 0.36% to 4.47%.
  • The fill factor increased from 15.37% to 53.00% with the introduction of the MoOx HTL.
  • The addition of sodium ascorbate effectively addressed the roll-over effect in J-V curves by optimizing band alignment and hole extraction.

Conclusions:

  • Molybdenum oxide (MoOx) serves as a high-performance, green, and stable HTL for Sb2S3 solar cells.
  • This work presents a significant advancement in developing non-toxic and efficient Sb2S3-based photovoltaic devices.
  • The findings offer valuable insights for the future design of sustainable and high-performance solar cell technologies.