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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Laser Capture Microdissection of Highly Pure Trabecular Meshwork from Mouse Eyes for Gene Expression Analysis
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Causal association between 91 circulating inflammatory proteins and primary open-angle glaucoma: a bidirectional

Changyang Liu1, Miao Zhao1, Xi Wang1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.

Cytokine
|August 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals causal links between specific inflammatory proteins and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) may reduce POAG risk, while leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) might increase it.

Keywords:
Causal relationshipsCirculating inflammatory proteinsMendelian randomizationPOAG

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a major cause of irreversible vision loss.
  • While elevated intraocular pressure is a key risk factor, POAG pathogenesis also involves inflammation.
  • The precise role of systemic inflammation in POAG requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal relationships between circulating inflammatory proteins and POAG.
  • To utilize a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) approach for robust analysis.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for POAG prevention and management.

Main Methods:

  • A bidirectional two-sample MR analysis was performed using genome-wide association study summary statistics.
  • The study included a primary analysis of 91 circulating inflammatory proteins and a replication stage for significant findings.
  • Random-effects inverse-variance weighted models and multivariable MR were employed, alongside sensitivity analyses.

Main Results:

  • Nine circulating inflammatory proteins showed significant causal effects on POAG risk.
  • Higher levels of DNER, LIF, MMP-10, and SCF were positively associated with POAG risk.
  • Lower levels of FGF-19, IL-18, IL-18R1, TNFSF14, and TRANCE were inversely associated with POAG risk.
  • Replication confirmed associations for FGF-19, IL-18, IL-18R1, and LIF.

Conclusions:

  • This study identified causal links between specific inflammatory proteins and POAG.
  • FGF-19, IL-18, IL-18R1, and LIF are highlighted as potential therapeutic targets.
  • Findings offer new insights into POAG prevention and management, warranting further mechanistic studies.