Rapid sequential development of multiple malignancies following ovarian germ cell tumor: Diagnostic, therapeutic, and...

Ovarian germ cell tumors (OGCTs) are uncommon malignancies predominantly affecting young women. Although platinum-based chemotherapy significantly improves prognosis, survivors remain at risk of developing secondary malignancies, posing ongoing clinical management challenges.

We report an exceptional case involving a 22-year-old woman initially diagnosed with a malignant mixed germ cell tumor (MGCT) during pregnancy. Following surgical debulking and chemotherapy, she rapidly developed two distinct secondary malignancies within one year: enteric-type adenocarcinoma and chemotherapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite multidisciplinary interventions, the patient succumbed to disease progression and treatment complications.

This rare sequence of MGCT, gastrointestinal malignancy, and AML highlights the intricate interplay between genetic predisposition, chemotherapy toxicity, and potential embryologic connections underlying multiple primary malignancies (MPMs). The rapid progression emphasizes critical inadequacies in current surveillance practices, underscoring the necessity for personalized, long-term surveillance and multidisciplinary management.

Enhanced surveillance strategies extending beyond conventional timelines, proactive genetic testing, and exploration of novel, less-toxic therapeutic approaches are urgently required. Future research on molecular mechanisms and the development of evidence-based guidelines will significantly impact the clinical outcomes of patients facing similar challenges.