Exploring the relationship between work performance and nonrestorative sleep among daytime workers with and without...

Insomnia and nonrestorative sleep are associated with presenteeism, which is an indicator of work performance and a predictor of absenteeism. However, the mechanisms by which insomnia symptoms and nonrestorative sleep are associated with presenteeism remain unclear.

This study included 1093 daytime workers categorized into four groups: the combination group, defined as having both insomnia symptoms and nonrestorative sleep; the nonrestorative sleep group, defined as having only nonrestorative sleep; the insomnia group, defined as having only insomnia symptoms; and the healthy group, defined as having no sleep complaints. They completed self-report questionnaires on insomnia symptoms, nonrestorative sleep, and presenteeism.

The marginal effects of logistic regression analysis estimated that the probability of presenteeism in the combination group was higher by 42, 29, and 28 % compared with the healthy, insomnia, and nonrestorative sleep groups, respectively. The probability of presenteeism was 15 % higher in the nonrestorative sleep group and 13 % higher in the insomnia group than in the healthy group. Network analysis determined that a bad mood upon waking-up, lack of readiness to start the day upon waking-up, low mental alertness upon waking-up, daytime dysfunction, low well-being, and poor sleep quality were associated with presenteeism in the combination group. A feeling of tiredness upon waking-up was associated with presenteeism in the nonrestorative sleep group. Grouchiness upon waking-up was associated with presenteeism in the insomnia group.

When addressing presenteeism, the feeling of restfulness upon waking-up and during daytime activities should be considered, rather than just nocturnal sleep.