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Infertility in Females01:28

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
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Developing clinical practice guidelines in paediatric and adolescent oncofertility.

Harjot Kaur1, Michael Assis2, Apoorva Bhargava3

  • 1Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|August 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

International guidelines recommend fertility discussions for young cancer patients, but global disparities persist. Developing tailored national guidelines, like those for the Australian and New Zealand Haematology Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), is crucial for equitable oncofertility care.

Keywords:
ANZCHOGANZCOClinical practice guidelinesDelphi consensusFertility preservationOncofertility

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Area of Science:

  • Oncofertility
  • Reproductive medicine
  • Oncology

Background:

  • International oncofertility guidelines recommend fertility discussions and preservation for child, adolescent, and young adult (CAYA) cancer patients.
  • Significant global disparities exist in implementing these recommendations, hindering equitable care.
  • Unclear distinctions between experimental and established fertility preservation techniques create barriers for patients, clinicians, and policymakers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of CAYA oncofertility guidance from six peak bodies across four continents.
  • To identify similarities and differences among key international guidelines to address local knowledge gaps.
  • To determine stakeholder priorities for developing national guidelines in Australia and New Zealand.

Main Methods:

  • Review of CAYA oncofertility recommendations and evidence levels from international guidelines.
  • Delphi consensus among Australian and New Zealand Consortium in CAYA Oncofertility (ANZCO) members.
  • Development of priority questions for local guideline development.

Main Results:

  • Oncofertility guidance varies significantly across different international bodies.
  • A need for localized guidelines was identified to standardize care and improve coordination among centers.
  • ANZCHOG guidelines tailored to the local CAYA context were prioritized.

Conclusions:

  • Developing context-specific national guidelines is essential for standardizing CAYA oncofertility care.
  • Such guidelines will provide clear direction and governance for pediatric cancer care providers.
  • Addressing disparities requires a concerted effort in guideline development and implementation.