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The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Solid-phase Submonomer Synthesis of Peptoid Polymers and their Self-Assembly into Highly-Ordered Nanosheets
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Universal peptide synthesis via solid-phase methods fused with chemputation.

Jacopo Zero1, Tristan J Tyler1, Leroy Cronin2

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK.

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|August 8, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces a programmable automated platform that merges solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) efficiency with chemical flexibility. The system achieves high-purity peptides and enables complex modifications, overcoming limitations in current automated peptide synthesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) platforms have advanced biochemical research.
  • Current SPPS systems face limitations in flexibility and chemical capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a fully automated, programmable platform combining SPPS efficiency with the chemical flexibility of a Chemical Processing Unit (Chemputer).
  • To overcome bottlenecks in automated SPPS by integrating diverse chemical transformations.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel automated platform controlled by the Chemical Description Language (χDL).
  • Integration of modular transformations including ring-closing metathesis, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, and native chemical ligation.
  • Execution of up to 1635 unit operations over 85 hours in a single, uninterrupted protocol.

Main Results:

  • Peptide sequences synthesized with high purity (>79%) on a multi-milligram scale.
  • Successful production of complex peptides such as GHRH(1-29), Semaglutide, and Capitellacin.
  • Demonstration of seamless integration of multiple chemical modifications within a single automated workflow.

Conclusions:

  • The presented platform significantly enhances the flexibility and chemical capability of automated peptide synthesis.
  • This innovation unlocks new possibilities for producing complex, modified peptides efficiently.
  • The system addresses key limitations in current automated SPPS, paving the way for broader applications.