Design of an integral sliding mode controller for reducing CO₂ emissions in the transport sector to control global...

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the significant contributor to greenhouse gases and plays a crucial role in the greenhouse effect and climate change. The primary source of CO₂ emissions is fossil fuel combustion, basically due to human activities and transportation activities. The objective of this research is to develop a dynamic model aimed at mitigating global warming by reducing atmospheric CO₂ emissions resulting from the transportation sector. The model includes equations for atmospheric CO₂ emissions, human population, vehicle population, and global warming. Initially, the stability of the model at each equilibrium point is determined by analyzing the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix. Subsequently, sensitivity analysis is performed to predict the impact of any parameter of a vehicle population and CO₂ emissions causing global warming. The vehicle parameters are then optimized by applying an integral sliding mode controller (ISMC) to decrease CO₂ emissions and minimize global warming. The ISMC method effectively reduces CO₂ emissions and offers stability for human and vehicle populations, ultimately leading to a reduction in global warming. It is has been found that reducing the vehicle population by 20% can lead to about 4% reduction in CO₂ emissions. This study integrates optimization control techniques to develop a comprehensive model to address CO₂ emissions and global warming, providing a robust framework for sustainable environmental management.