The potential of artificial intelligence in the early detection of systemic diseases during routine dental care

Objective Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare by significantly enhancing diagnostic capabilities across various disciplines. This review explores AI's potential to support dentists in identifying systemic diseases and conditions, such as skin cancer, autism spectrum disorder, hypertension, diabetes, halitosis, osteoporosis and carotid artery calcification, during routine dental care. It highlights the role of AI-based technologies in early detection and improved patient outcomes.Methods A literature search was conducted via PubMed, Google Scholar and an extensive hand search. Eligible publications were those that reported on novel AI applications for early systemic disease detection and which could be employed in the dental setting. Three researchers independently conducted research for relevant literature and extracted the data. Studies were included in consensus.Results In total, 42 eligible articles were included and their findings were summarised. Applications included AI-driven image analysis for skin cancer and tongue colour changes in diabetes, breath analysis for halitosis-linked conditions, and radiographic detection of calcifications and osteoporosis. The reviewed studies demonstrated that AI exhibits significant potential in improving diagnostic accuracy for systemic diseases observable during dental examinations, enabling timely referrals and interventions and improved healthcare integration.Conclusion The findings suggest that AI can assist dentists in identifying systemic diseases beyond oral health concerns. Integrating AI-driven diagnostic tools into routine dental care has the potential to enhance early detection of systemic conditions, reducing the burden on healthcare systems and improving patient outcomes. While the results are promising, further research is needed to refine AI technologies and validate their clinical utility. AI should be seen as a complementary tool, augmenting but not replacing the expertise of dental and medical professionals.