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CTAB modified SnO₂ PEDOT PSS heterojunction humidity sensor with enhanced sensitivity stability and machine learning

Poundoss Chellamuthu1, Kirubaveni Savarimuthu2, M Gulam Nabi Alsath2

  • 1Centre for Smart Energy Systems, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600069, India.

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|August 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A novel tin oxide (SnO₂) humidity sensor enhanced with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and a PEDOT:PSS/SnO₂ heterojunction shows high sensitivity and rapid response. Machine learning further validated its robust performance for advanced monitoring applications.

Keywords:
CTAB-assisted SnO2 nanostructuresFlower-like morphologyHydrothermal synthesisMachine learning-based sensor evaluationPEDOT:PSS heterojunctionResistive humidity sensingResponse and recovery timeSensitivity and hysteresis analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Development of high-performance humidity sensors is crucial for environmental and biomedical monitoring.
  • Tin oxide (SnO₂) nanostructures offer potential for humidity sensing due to their electrical properties.
  • Heterojunction engineering and nanostructure control are key strategies to enhance sensor performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-performance resistive humidity sensor using CTAB-assisted SnO₂ nanostructures and a PEDOT:PSS/SnO₂ heterojunction.
  • To investigate the effect of CTAB concentration on SnO₂ morphology and sensor characteristics.
  • To evaluate the sensor's performance, stability, and real-time applicability using machine learning.

Main Methods:

  • Hydrothermal synthesis of SnO₂ nanostructures with varying CTAB concentrations (0-20 wt%).
  • Fabrication of a PEDOT:PSS/SnO₂ p-n heterojunction via spin coating.
  • Characterization using FESEM, XRD, EIS, and J-V measurements; performance testing across 5-97% RH; ML modeling using Random Forest Regression.

Main Results:

  • The 20 wt% CTAB sample (SnO-5) exhibited a flower-like nanostructure, reduced crystallite size (4.8 nm), low resistance (1.1 kΩ), and minimal cut-in voltage (0.071 V).
  • The optimized sensor demonstrated high sensitivity (85.7%), rapid response (14 s) and recovery (7 s) times, and low hysteresis (1.60%).
  • Random Forest Regression achieved high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.99), confirming sensor robustness and reproducibility.

Conclusions:

  • CTAB-assisted nanostructuring and PEDOT:PSS/SnO₂ heterojunction formation synergistically enhance humidity sensing performance.
  • The developed sensor exhibits superior sensitivity, speed, and stability compared to existing platforms.
  • The sensor is a promising candidate for next-generation humidity monitoring in industrial, environmental, and biomedical fields.