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A Mixed-Methods Approach to Investigating Family Influence on Motor Skill Development in Head Start Preschoolers.

Joonyoung Lee1, Jean Keller2, Ana Alvarez3

  • 1Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.

Perceptual and Motor Skills
|August 9, 2025
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Summary

Family environments significantly impact preschoolers' fundamental motor skills (FMS). Active parental involvement and supportive home settings promote FMS development, while resource limitations can hinder it.

Keywords:
early childhood developmentfamily influencefundamental motor skillshead startpreschoolers

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Area of Science:

  • Child Development
  • Motor Skill Acquisition
  • Family Studies

Background:

  • Fundamental Motor Skills (FMS) are crucial for children's physical and cognitive development.
  • Head Start preschoolers often exhibit a wide range of FMS proficiency.
  • Family environments play a potential role in shaping early motor skill development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the development of FMS in Head Start preschoolers.
  • To examine the influence of family environments, including parental and sibling factors, on FMS.
  • To identify key themes related to family influences on FMS development.

Main Methods:

  • Explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach with 219 Head Start preschoolers.
  • Assessment of 13 FMS using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3.
  • Follow-up interviews with parents of children with highest and lowest FMS scores, triangulated with Welch's t-tests and drawings.

Main Results:

  • 56% of children demonstrated high FMS, 44% had low FMS.
  • Parental/sibling physical activity habits, active parental involvement, and resource-rich homes positively influenced FMS.
  • Low FMS was associated with limited resources, time constraints, and less active play.

Conclusions:

  • Family environments are vital for fostering early childhood FMS development in Head Start preschoolers.
  • Supportive and active family engagement serves as a key facilitator for motor skill acquisition.
  • Addressing environmental barriers is essential for improving FMS outcomes in at-risk populations.