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Multifunctional Task-Specific Ionic Liquids on Solid Supports: A Dual Function as Brønsted Catalyst and Solid Solvent

Julian E Sanchez-Velandia1, Raúl Porcar2, Ivan Muñoz1

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|August 9, 2025
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Summary

Supported ionic liquid polymers (SILPs) with sulfone and dimethyl sulfoxide units efficiently convert fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). This bifunctional catalyst shows high selectivity, recyclability, and gram-scale production, outperforming traditional methods.

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biomass valorizationbrønsted catalystsfructose‐to‐hydroxymethylfurfuralhydroxymethylfurfuralsupported ionic liquid phases

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis
  • Biomass Valorization

Background:

  • Developing efficient heterogeneous catalysts for biomass conversion is crucial for sustainable chemical production.
  • Supported ionic liquid polymers (SILPs) offer tunable properties for catalytic applications.
  • Fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a key step in biomass valorization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate novel bifunctional SILPs incorporating sulfone and dimethyl sulfoxide units for biomass-derived sugar valorization.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of sulfone and dimethyl sulfoxide groups on catalytic performance.
  • To explore the application of these SILPs in fructose and glucose conversion for HMF and levulinic acid synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of supported ionic liquid polymers (SILPs) with sulfone and dimethyl sulfoxide functionalities.
  • Catalytic testing of SILPs for fructose dehydration to HMF at gram scale.
  • Optimization of the sulfone to dimethyl sulfoxide ratio for enhanced selectivity.
  • Evaluation of catalyst recyclability and performance in biphasic systems and with deep eutectic solvents.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Novel SILPs incorporating sulfone and dimethyl sulfoxide units were successfully synthesized.
  • The catalysts demonstrated remarkable efficiency in gram-scale fructose dehydration to HMF.
  • An optimal ratio of sulfone to dimethyl sulfoxide groups was identified, critical for high reaction selectivity.
  • The SILPs outperformed homogeneous acid catalysts (e.g., HCl) in efficiency and recyclability.
  • The system showed high performance with deep eutectic solvents and activity in glucose conversion to HMF or levulinic acid.

Conclusions:

  • Bifunctional SILPs with sulfone and dimethyl sulfoxide groups are effective heterogeneous catalysts for biomass valorization.
  • The synergistic interaction between functional groups and Brønsted acid sites, aided by dimethyl sulfoxide, enhances HMF production.
  • These SILPs offer a sustainable and recyclable alternative to homogeneous catalysts for HMF synthesis.