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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Free Jet01:14

Free Jet

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Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
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Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline01:16

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline

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Bernoulli's equation for flow normal to a streamline explains how pressure varies across curved streamlines due to the outward centrifugal forces induced by the fluid's curvature. The pressure is higher on the inner side of the curve, near the center of curvature, and decreases outward to balance these centrifugal forces.
The pressure difference depends on the fluid's velocity and radius of curvature. The pressure variation is minimal in flows with nearly straight streamlines.
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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[Impact of bladder-neck angle on urination: An application study based on fluid-structure interaction].

Xu-Dong Jia1, Xiao-Wan Guo2, Wan-Ze Zhang3

  • 1Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue = National Journal of Andrology
|August 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The bladder-neck angle (BNA) significantly impacts male urination, especially with prostate enlargement. Altered BNAs correlate with lower urinary flow rates and increased symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Keywords:
bladder-neck angle; fluid-structure interaction; computational fluid dynamics; benign prostatic hyperplasia

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics

Context:

  • The bladder-neck angle (BNA) is a critical anatomical factor influencing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly affects the prostate and bladder neck, leading to urination difficulties.
  • Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis provides a powerful tool to simulate complex physiological processes like urination.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the relationship between the bladder-neck angle (BNA) and urinary function in male patients.
  • To assess the impact of BNA changes on urine flow dynamics and prostate displacement using FSI simulations.
  • To correlate BNA with clinical parameters such as prostate volume and urinary flow rate in patients with and without acute urine retention (AUR).

Summary:

  • FSI simulations revealed significant differences in urethral pressure and flow rate between normal and enlarged BNA models.
  • Enlarged BNAs led to greater prostate displacement and reduced urethral opening diameter, impacting urination more severely in AUR patients.
  • Clinical data analysis showed a strong correlation between BNA and prostate volume, intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax).

Impact:

  • The BNA is identified as a key anatomical factor influencing urination and the severity of LUTS in BPH patients.
  • Understanding BNA changes can aid in the assessment and management of voiding dysfunction.
  • This study highlights the utility of FSI analysis in elucidating the biomechanics of urination and BPH-related symptoms.