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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
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Management of Metastatic Prostate Cancer.

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Oncology Research and Treatment
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced prostate cancer (PCa) management is evolving with new therapies targeting the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. Individualized treatment strategies are now possible due to a better understanding of resistance mechanisms in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Keywords:
Androgen receptorAndrogen receptor-targeted therapyPARP inhibitorPSMA radioligand therapyRadium-223

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Urology
  • Medical Therapeutics

Background:

  • Advanced prostate cancer (PCa), especially metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), presents significant health challenges.
  • The androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway is crucial for PCa treatment, but resistance necessitates advanced strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of current and evolving treatment strategies for metastatic prostate cancer.
  • To highlight the clinical implications of therapeutic advancements in advanced PCa management.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review based on expert consensus.
  • Literature search of PubMed (MEDLINE) and major oncology conference abstracts (ASCO, ASCO GU, ESMO).
  • Selection of novel treatment examples to illustrate current developments.

Main Results:

  • Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains foundational, augmented by androgen synthesis inhibitors, AR inhibitors, and AR degraders.
  • Expanded therapeutic options include chemotherapy, radiopharmaceuticals (e.g., radium-223, lutetium-177 PSMA-617), and PARP inhibitors.
  • Treatment decisions require consideration of disease-specific and patient-specific factors, as well as prior treatment history.

Conclusions:

  • A growing number of therapeutic options are available for advanced PCa.
  • Improved understanding of tumor progression and resistance mechanisms facilitates personalized treatment approaches for patients with advanced PCa.