Immunological synapse: structures, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in disease

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Cell Biology

Background:

• The immunological synapse (IS) is vital for immune cell interactions and communication.
• Dysregulation of the IS is implicated in immune evasion and inflammation in diseases like cancer and infections.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of recent advancements in understanding the immunological synapse.
• To consolidate knowledge on IS structure, signaling, and its role in health and disease.

Main Methods:

• Delineation of presynaptic and postsynaptic structures of the IS in various immune cells (T cells, NK cells, DCs, macrophages).
• Detailed review of signaling pathways regulating IS formation and disassembly, including cytoskeletal dynamics and force transduction.
• Systematic review of IS roles in homeostasis, disease pathogenesis, and therapeutic targets.

Main Results:

• The IS is composed of distinct pre- and postsynaptic structures.
• Key signaling pathways, including cytoskeletal remodeling and integrin signaling, modulate IS dynamics.
• IS dysfunction is linked to various diseases, highlighting its importance in maintaining health.

Conclusions:

• This review consolidates current knowledge on the IS, covering its structure, function, and disease relevance.
• It highlights novel targets and therapeutic strategies for IS-related disorders based on preclinical and clinical data.
• Provides insights for researchers and clinicians investigating immune cell interactions and therapies.