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Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

Sex Differences in Functional Gradients and Dynamic Functional Connectivity in Preschool-Aged Children With ASD.

Guangrong Wu¹, Linfeng Song¹, Guomin Zhang¹

¹Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China.

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics

|August 11, 2025

Summary

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) shows sex differences in brain network organization in young children. These findings highlight the complexity of ASD and offer new insights into its neuroimaging mechanisms.

Keywords:

autism spectrum disorder brain networks dynamic functional connectivity gradient machine learning models male preschool‐aged

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Published on: December 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is higher in males, but its etiology is unclear.
Investigating sex differences in brain network organization in preschool-aged children with ASD is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine multi-scale brain network reorganization in preschool-aged boys and girls with ASD.
To assess the impact of these network differences on clinical symptoms.
To explore sex-specific neuroimaging mechanisms in ASD.

Main Methods:

Functional gradient analysis and dynamic functional connectivity were employed.
Compared brain functional networks in 54 children with ASD and 44 typically developing (TD) children (ages 2-6).
Machine learning models evaluated classification performance for distinguishing ASD from TD.

Main Results:

ASD groups showed functional gradient abnormalities across multiple brain networks.
Boys with ASD exhibited abnormalities in attention, limbic, and default mode networks (DMN).
Girls with ASD showed primary abnormalities mainly in the DMN, with distinct secondary and third gradient patterns.

Conclusions:

Significant sex differences exist in functional gradients and dynamic functional connectivity in preschool-aged children with ASD.
These findings underscore the heterogeneity of ASD and provide a novel framework for understanding its neuroimaging basis.