Non-Immune Hydrops Fetalis in a Pregnant Woman with Chronic Alcohol Use: A Case Report

Hydrops fetalis is a condition characterized by excessive fluid accumulation within the fetal extravascular compartments and body cavities. It is classified into two categories: immune hydrops fetalis (IHF) and non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF). The primary cause of NIHF is fetal cardiovascular abnormalities, often stemming from congenital heart disease. One of the significant contributors to congenital heart defects is prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE).

A woman in her early 30s presented to the emergency department with the chief complaint of not feeling fetal movements for one day prior to admission. This was her fourth pregnancy, with no history of miscarriage or abortion. The patient reported a history of regular smoking (two packs per day) and frequent alcohol consumption. Her vital signs were unremarkable upon admission. The baby was delivered weighing 1755 grams and measuring 44 cm, with grade 2 maceration and no signs of life. Physical findings, including fluid accumulation in the chest and body, led to a pediatric diagnosis of hydrops fetalis.

The risk factor for hydrops fetalis in this case is likely associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, which may have disrupted fetal teratogenesis. Comprehensive prenatal examinations are essential for monitoring fetal health, identifying complications and congenital abnormalities, and assessing risk factors.