Research Progress on Phosphorus/Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Phosphorus-based anode materials exhibit a high theoretical specific capacity as negative electrodes in sodium ion batteries. However, their low conductivity necessitates compounding with carbon materials. The alloying process between phosphorus and sodium in phosphorus/carbon anodes results in significant volume expansion, leading to phosphorus powdering and detachment, thereby compromising the battery cycle life. Mitigating the volume expansion of phosphorus-based materials and enhancing the interfacial bonding between phosphorus and carbon are effective strategies to address these challenges. This review discusses advancements in phosphorus/carbon anode materials focusing on size and structure control of phosphorus-based materials, composite modification of carbon materials with diverse structures, and interface reinforcement in phosphorus/carbon composites. The analysis and comparison of various methodologies shed light on research approaches and design strategies for phosphorus/carbon anode materials, offering insights for enhancing the cycle life of sodium ion batteries.