Nanotechnology-enhanced gene therapy for hearing loss

Hearing loss is a global health concern affecting hundreds of millions of individuals, with current interventions like hearing aids and cochlear implants offering only functional improvements rather than addressing the root causes. Gene therapy holds promise for restoring hearing by correcting underlying molecular defects, but its success hinges on the safe and effective delivery of therapeutic genes to the delicate cells of the cochlea. Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative solution, providing non-viral carriers such as nanoparticles that can protect genetic material, target specific inner ear cells, and promote regeneration with minimal invasiveness. This review explores the integration of nanotechnology with gene therapy for hearing loss from three perspectives: (1) the biological mechanisms underlying hearing loss and gene therapy, (2) technological innovations in nanoparticle design and delivery systems, and (3) clinical applications and challenges. By examining recent advancements and preclinical studies, this review highlights the potential of nanotechnology-enhanced gene therapy to revolutionize the treatment of hearing loss while addressing key barriers to clinical translation.