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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

332
Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Spermatogenesis01:41

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Sperm Structure and Semen Composition01:22

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

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During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...
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Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Sperm Transport01:15

Sperm Transport

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The journey of sperm from its origin to the point of ejaculation begins within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Here, Sertoli cells produce fluid that propels non-motile sperm through a series of conduits, starting with the straight tubules leading to the rete testis. This interconnected network of tubules acts as the initial pathway for sperm, guiding them into the efferent ductules and then into the epididymis for maturation.
The maturation phase occurs in the epididymis, where sperm...
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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects
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Decrease or increase in sperm concentration? The data among fertile Chinese males in 40 years.

Haiying Geng1,2, Elizabeth R Rayburn3, Qiuhong Wang1,2

  • 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
|August 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Sperm concentration in fertile Chinese males has significantly declined over four decades. This trend accelerated in the 21st century, potentially linked to environmental and lifestyle factors.

Keywords:
Fertile Chinese maleLinear regression analysisSemen qualitySperm concentration

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Environmental Health
  • Andrology

Background:

  • Sperm concentration is a key indicator of male reproductive health.
  • Investigating long-term trends in sperm quality is crucial for public health.
  • Understanding demographic-specific trends, like those in China, is vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze trends in sperm concentration among fertile Chinese males from 1984 to 2023.
  • To identify potential contributing factors to observed changes in sperm quality.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 94 Chinese and English literature sources.
  • Analysis of data from 14,634 individuals across 27 Chinese provinces and cities.
  • Application of least squares linear regression and ANOVA for statistical analysis.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant overall decline in sperm concentration was observed from 1984 to 2023.
  • Sperm concentration decreased across each decade of sample collection.
  • The most substantial decline occurred between 2004 and 2013.

Conclusions:

  • Fertile Chinese males exhibit a concerning downward trend in sperm concentration over the past 40 years.
  • The decline appears to have accelerated post-21st century.
  • Potential causes include environmental pollution, industrialization, lifestyle changes, and electronic device radiation, warranting further investigation.