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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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A Prospective Study to Determine Trimester-Specific Thyroid Function Reference Intervals.

Li-Hsin Pan1, Chang-Ching Yeh2,3, Shun-Jie Yang4

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, 115006, Taiwan.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
|August 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Establishing trimester-specific thyroid function test (TFT) reference intervals for pregnant Taiwanese women is crucial for accurate thyroid disease diagnosis. This study provides these vital intervals and details thyroid hormone and antibody changes throughout pregnancy.

Keywords:
GestationPregnancyReference intervalsTaiwanThyroid function tests

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Accurate assessment of thyroid function during pregnancy is essential to prevent misdiagnosis of thyroid disorders.
  • Establishing population-specific reference intervals for thyroid function tests (TFTs) is critical for interpreting results in pregnant women.
  • Thyroid hormone levels and antibody status naturally change throughout gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish trimester-specific reference intervals for TFTs in pregnant Taiwanese women.
  • To analyze changes in thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid antibodies during pregnancy in this population.
  • To provide a basis for accurate thyroid disease diagnosis in pregnant Taiwanese women.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 209 pregnant women in Taiwan (2019-2022).
  • Exclusion of participants with positive anti-thyroid antibodies or thyroid medication use.
  • Measurement of TFTs (TSH, free T4, total T4, free T3, total T3) and antibodies per trimester using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.
  • Assessment of iodine status via urinary iodine concentration.

Main Results:

  • The study population exhibited sufficient iodine status (median urinary iodine: 162.5 µg/L).
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were significantly lower in the first trimester compared to the second and third trimesters.
  • Free T4 and free T3 levels decreased throughout pregnancy, while total T4 and anti-thyroid antibody levels were higher in the first trimester.

Conclusions:

  • Trimester-specific reference intervals for TFTs are essential for pregnant women, particularly when using the Roche assay.
  • This study provides the first population-based, trimester-specific TFT reference intervals for Taiwanese pregnant women.
  • Accurate interpretation of thyroid function in pregnancy requires consideration of gestational stage and population-specific data.