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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Skin Cancer01:30

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
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Vitiligo.

Markus Böhm1, Adrian Tanew2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.

Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG
|August 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitiligo, a skin pigment disorder, involves melanocyte destruction. New treatments like ruxolitinib cream and advanced phototherapies offer improved management for non-segmental and segmental vitiligo, enhancing patient quality of life.

Keywords:
Janus kinase inhibitorscomorbidityphototherapyshared decision maktingsystemic therapytopical therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Immunology
  • Autoimmune Disorders
  • Pigmentary Disorders

Background:

  • Vitiligo is a common skin condition characterized by melanocyte destruction.
  • Non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) is autoimmune, while segmental vitiligo (SV) pathogenesis is less understood.
  • Genetic factors and melanocyte vulnerability contribute to a T cell-driven immune response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the current understanding of vitiligo etiopathogenesis.
  • To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, classification, and assessment for effective management.
  • To review current and emerging therapeutic strategies for vitiligo.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on vitiligo pathogenesis and treatment.
  • Classification of vitiligo subtypes and assessment of disease burden.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic options including topical treatments, phototherapy, and systemic agents.

Main Results:

  • Vitiligo significantly impacts quality of life and can co-occur with other disorders.
  • Ruxolitinib cream is a new first-line topical therapy for NSV.
  • Phototherapies and systemic Janus kinase inhibitors are key treatments for extensive or progressive disease.

Conclusions:

  • Holistic management requires early recognition, accurate classification, and patient-centered goal setting.
  • Treatment aims to halt progression, induce repigmentation, and prevent relapse.
  • Emerging therapies, including oral Janus kinase inhibitors, show promise for advanced vitiligo treatment.