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Related Concept Videos

Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Overview
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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies
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Development and External Validation of the FluScoreVax Risk Score for Influenza That Incorporates Vaccine Status.

Mark H Ebell1, Yewen Chen2, Fangzhi Luo2

  • 1From the Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA (MHE); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA (YC, FL, YS); Centre for General Practice, Department of Family Medicine & Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, b. Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (SC); Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (SC, MI); Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK (PL); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA (BB), Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA (DM). ebell.mark@gmail.com.

Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM
|August 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new risk score, FluScoreVax, accurately identifies low-risk patients for influenza, with only 7% testing positive. This tool aids in diagnosing influenza using vaccination history and symptoms.

Keywords:
Clinical Prediction RuleEvidence-Based MedicineInfectious DiseasesInfluenzaInfluenza VaccinesLogistic RegressionRespiratory DiseasesRisk ScoreTelehealthVaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Decision Support

Background:

  • Accurate influenza diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment and public health management.
  • Existing diagnostic methods may be resource-intensive or time-consuming.
  • A simple, validated risk score can aid clinicians in outpatient settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and externally validate a straightforward risk score for influenza diagnosis.
  • The score incorporates vaccination history and patient-reported symptoms.
  • To assess the score's accuracy and calibration in diverse populations.

Main Methods:

  • The risk score was derived using logistic regression from European (GRACE) and US (EAST-PC) outpatient data (2007-2010).
  • Patient-reported symptoms and vaccination status were collected.
  • Influenza diagnosis was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Main Results:

  • A 6-item risk score (FluScoreVax) was developed, with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for derivation and internal validation.
  • External validation in US data showed excellent calibration.
  • The score identified 61% of patients as low-risk, with only 6.8% having influenza.

Conclusions:

  • The FluScoreVax risk score was successfully developed and externally validated.
  • It effectively identifies a large proportion of patients as low-risk for influenza.
  • The score is available as an app, facilitating clinical use.