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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...

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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

DNA Methylation: Bisulphite Modification and Analysis

DNA Methylation: Bisulphite Modification and Analysis

Published on: October 21, 2011

Methylation Data Analysis and Interpretation.

Yuehua Zhu^1,2, Weiguang Mao³, Rezwan Hosseini¹

¹Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;

Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science

|August 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mark regulating gene expression and cell identity. This review covers its biochemistry, genomic patterns, and analysis, including methylation clocks for disease risk.

Keywords:

RRBS WGBS differential methylation methylation methylation array methylation clocks

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Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

DNA Methylation: Bisulphite Modification and Analysis

DNA Methylation: Bisulphite Modification and Analysis

Published on: October 21, 2011

Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing for Assessment of DNA Methylation at Base Pair Resolution

Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing for Assessment of DNA Methylation at Base Pair Resolution

Published on: February 24, 2015

Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing

Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: February 24, 2015

Area of Science:

Epigenetics
Molecular Biology
Genomics

Background:

DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification.
It plays a fundamental role in mammalian gene regulation and cellular identity.
Understanding its mechanisms is vital for biological and medical research.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the biochemical basis of DNA methylation.
To explore its genomic distribution and analytical methodologies.
To highlight its unique properties as an epigenetic mark and its role in disease risk and aging.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on DNA methylation.
Discussion of biochemical underpinnings and genomic patterns.
Analysis of various assay types (array-based and sequencing).

Main Results:

DNA methylation is a stable silencing mechanism.
It maintains epigenetic states independently of DNA sequence.
It serves as a quantitative trait linking genotype to disease risk, exemplified by methylation clocks.

Conclusions:

DNA methylation is a stable, sequence-independent epigenetic mark.
It is a valuable quantitative trait for disease risk assessment.
Advanced analytical techniques are essential for its comprehensive study.