Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

1.5K
Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
1.5K
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

1.4K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
1.4K
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

4.0K
The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
4.0K
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

5.4K
Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
5.4K
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

6.4K
Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
6.4K
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

529
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
529

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reclassification of basic experimental studies in humans - a case for a new publishing consensus.

Nature metabolism·2026
Same author

Genetic variance in the murine defensin locus modulates glucose homeostasis.

The EMBO journal·2025
Same author

Cold exposure stimulates cross-tissue metabolic rewiring to fuel glucose-dependent thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Loss of RET-ROS at complex I induces diastolic dysfunction in mice that is reversed by aerobic exercise.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology·2025
Same author

Superstable lipid vacuoles endow cartilage with its shape and biomechanics.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Skeletal muscle from TBC1D4 p.Arg684Ter variant carriers is severely insulin resistant but exhibits normal metabolic responses during exercise.

Nature metabolism·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
08:32

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Published on: January 4, 2018

10.4K

The insulin signalling network.

James G Burchfield1,2, Alexis Diaz-Vegas1,2, David E James3,4,5

  • 1School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.

Nature Metabolism
|August 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin signaling precisely regulates metabolism via protein phosphorylation, particularly involving AKT. Advances in phosphoproteomics reveal complex rewiring in insulin resistance, offering new therapeutic targets.

More Related Videos

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

9.4K
Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells
05:51

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells

Published on: June 15, 2013

13.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
08:32

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Published on: January 4, 2018

10.4K
Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

9.4K
Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells
05:51

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells

Published on: June 15, 2013

13.0K

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic regulation
  • Cellular signaling pathways
  • Molecular endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin signaling is crucial for nutrient homeostasis, controlling carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.
  • Protein phosphorylation, mediated by kinases like AKT, precisely regulates cellular responses to insulin.
  • Phosphoproteomics has significantly advanced the understanding of insulin signaling networks and their role in cardiometabolic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the architecture and temporal regulation of insulin signaling.
  • To highlight the central role of AKT and its substrates in insulin action.
  • To explore feedback and crosstalk mechanisms within the insulin signaling network.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on insulin signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of phosphoproteomic data to understand network dynamics.
  • Examination of AKT activation mechanisms and substrate interactions.

Main Results:

  • Insulin signaling is a dynamic network with precise temporal regulation, orchestrated by kinases like AKT.
  • Insulin receptor substrate proteins integrate signals through extensive phosphorylation.
  • Phosphoproteomics reveals disrupted phosphorylation patterns and novel sites in insulin-resistant states, indicating network rewiring.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding insulin signaling complexity, especially in disease states, is critical.
  • Phosphoproteomic insights redefine insulin resistance and its molecular basis.
  • Dissecting insulin signaling dysregulation offers novel therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders.