Meta-analysis of the effects of plyometric training on athletic performance in handball athletes

In this study, the impact of Plyometric Training (PT) on handball players' performance was explored. Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost were systematically searched, using mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the calculation result indicators as effect sizes. 11 studies involving 302 subjects were included. Results showed that PT was correlated with improved jumping ability: countermovement jump (MD = 4.14, P < 0.00001) and squat jump (MD = 3.83, P < 0.00001). In change-of-direction ability, T-half performance improved (MD=-0.55, P < 0.0001). As for the sprint ability, 5 m (MD=-0.07, P < 0.00001), 10 m (MD=-0.12, P < 0.00001), and 20 m (MD=-0.15, P<0.00001) sprint times were shortened by PT. PT enhanced throwing abilities: 3 Step Running Throw (MD = 2.78, P = 0.02), Jumping Throw(MD = 1.13, P = 0.04), and Penalty Throw (MD = 1.43, P = 0.0002). In repeated sprint ability (RSA), RSA-total time (MD=-1.03, P < 0.00001), mean time(MD=-0.29, P = 0.03), and best time (MD=-0.15, P<0.00001) decreased, but RSA-fatigue index showed no significant improvement. PT improved limb strength indices such as upper limb relative peak power (MD = 0.52, P < 0.00001) but not maximum braking force. It enhanced left and right handgrip (e.g., right: MD = 59.07, P < 0.00001) yet not balance (e.g., right leg: MD=-0.22, P = 0.23). PT thus improved the performance of handball players. Scientific training designs could maximize their benefits. Therefore, future studies should investigate long-term effects and adaptation mechanisms to provide more precise theoretical support.