Determination of Pb²⁺ in water using Mn-doped MoS₂/Nafion electrode coupled with an electrochemical flow cell

Pb²⁺, widely acknowledged as a harmful pollutant in aquatic environments, was accurately quantified using a Mn-MoS₂/Nafion-modified electrode integrated with an advanced electrochemical flow cell. We elucidated the mechanisms responsible for the signal enhancement observed during Pb²⁺ detection. Through rigorous experimentation and analysis, we achieved a limit of detection (3σ/slope) of 0.58 μg L^-1 across a broad concentration range from 2 to 100 μg L^-1. Our comprehensive evaluations encompassed not only critical accuracy assessments but also involved thorough tests to examine anti-interference capabilities and reproducibility. The stability of the system was carefully assessed by conducting twenty consecutive tests at a Pb²⁺ concentration of 20 μg L^-1 with a RSD of 1.23%. Ultimately, we successfully employed the Mn-MoS₂/Nafion-modified electrode for continuous monitoring of Pb²⁺ concentrations in water alongside the electrochemical flow cell system, and the recovery rates ranged impressively from 99.5 to 106%. This innovative approach demonstrates significant potential for real-time determination of heavy metal ions, thereby paving new avenues in environmental monitoring and analysis.