Comparative analysis of morning and evening training on performance and well-being in elite soccer players

The purpose of the study was to determine how training at different times of day affects soccer players' performance, mood, and physiological responses. Twenty male professional soccer players participated in the study, which involved small-sided games (SSGs) conducted in both morning and evening sessions. Players' mood states, perceived exertion, heart rate, and performance metrics were measured to assess the impact of circadian rhythms on their physical and psychological responses. Results showed significantly higher HRmean (p = 0.025) and %HRmax (p = 0.022) and significantly lower blood lactate concentration (p = 0.015) in the morning. Despite similar perceived exertion and recovery scores, players reported greater enjoyment in evening sessions (p = 0.0008). Mood states were more favorable in the evening, with significantly lower levels of stress (p = 0.007), fatigue (p = 0.009), and muscle soreness (p = 0.012). The Hooper's Index was also markedly lower in the evening (p = 0.0008). Evening performance was superior, with significantly more ball interceptions (p = 0.033), successful passes (p = 0.0004), and ball possession recoveries (p = 0.025), alongside fewer lost balls in the evening compared to the morning (p = 0.008). In conclusion, the study demonstrates that time of day significantly influences both psychological and physical responses in professional soccer players, with evening sessions leading to a more favorable mood and better performance. These findings support the consideration of circadian rhythms when scheduling training and matches to optimize athletic outcomes.