Quantum dots as multifunctional therapeutic agents: synergistic antitumor and antimicrobial mechanisms

Quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as versatile nanomaterials with significant potential for cancer therapy due to their unique optical properties, biocompatibility and multifunctionality. Through surface modification, QDs can target tumor-specific biomarkers, serving both as direct therapeutic agents and precision drug delivery vehicles. Their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under near-infrared light excitation enables the integration of photothermal and photodynamic therapies, enhancing antitumor efficacy. Additionally, QDs possess intrinsic antimicrobial properties that inhibit bacterial growth within the tumor microenvironment, reducing infection-related complications and improving therapeutic outcomes. Despite these advantages, challenges such as heavy metal toxicity and uncontrolled degradation remain, necessitating the development of non-toxic, heavy metal-free QDs and advanced surface engineering. This review discusses the molecular design, antitumor mechanisms, and clinical translation challenges of QD-based platforms, highlighting their emerging role in precision oncology and suggesting future directions in the development of smart, multifunctional systems that integrate multiple therapeutic modalities for enhanced cancer treatment.