Human cortex organizes dynamic co-fluctuations along sensation-association axis

The human brain dynamically organizes its activity through coordinated fluctuations, whose spatiotemporal interactions form the foundation of functional networks. While large-scale co-fluctuations are well-studied, the principles governing their amplitude-dependent transitions-particularly across high, intermediate, and low-amplitude regimes-remain unknown. We introduce a co-fluctuation score to quantify how instantaneous functional interactions reorganize with global amplitude dynamics. Using resting-state fMRI data, we identified amplitude-dependent co-fluctuation transitions between functional systems hierarchically aligned with the sensorimotor-association (SA) axis: sensorimotor networks dominated high-amplitude co-fluctuations, associative systems prevailed during intermediate amplitudes, and limbic system preferentially engaged in low-amplitude states. This hierarchy underwent developmental refinement from childhood to adulthood and adaptively reconfigured under external stimuli. Replicated across four independent samples including 7T fMRI, these findings establish the SA axis as infrastructure for amplitude-dependent transitions of co-fluctuation states. Our framework bridges transient coordination and stable functional architecture, demonstrating how brain networks balance external processing (high-amplitude states) with internal cognition/emotion (mid-to-low amplitude states) through amplitude-stratified interactions.