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Identifying multimorbidity risks in older adults: a cross-sectional study using the RGA screening data.

Jinmyoung Cho¹, Allison Gibson², Max Zubatsky¹

¹School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.

Frontiers in Public Health

|August 12, 2025

Summary

Multimorbidity affects nearly half of US older adults. Early screening for geriatric syndromes like sarcopenia, anorexia, and dementia using the Rapid Geriatric Assessment (RGA) tool can identify at-risk individuals and prevent adverse health outcomes.

Keywords:

geriatric syndromes multimorbidity older adults rapid geriatric assessment (RGA)risk assessment

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Area of Science:

Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
Public Health and Epidemiology
Chronic Disease Management

Background:

Multimorbidity, defined as two or more chronic diseases, affects approximately 50% of US older adults.
Consequences include increased vulnerability to illness, disease exacerbation, hospitalizations, and higher medical costs.
Early identification of risk factors is crucial for healthcare decision-making and preventing adverse outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the presence of multimorbidity and specific geriatric syndromes in older adults using the Rapid Geriatric Assessment (RGA) tool.
To assess the validity of the RGA as a screening tool for multimorbidity in diverse practice settings.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional study involving 16,615 individuals aged 65 and over in Missouri (2015-2024).
The Rapid Geriatric Assessment (RGA) tool was administered, assessing four geriatric syndromes: frailty, sarcopenia, geriatric anorexia, and cognitive decline.
Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between geriatric syndromes and multimorbidity (defined as five or more illnesses).

Main Results:

37.3% of participants reported having five or more illnesses (multimorbidity).
Sarcopenia was strongly associated with multimorbidity (OR=3.807, p < 0.001).
Geriatric anorexia (OR=1.329, p < 0.001) and dementia (OR=1.273, p < 0.001) were also significantly associated with higher odds of multimorbidity.

Conclusions:

The Rapid Geriatric Assessment (RGA) tool is a valid screening instrument for identifying older adults with multimorbidity.
Geriatric syndromes, particularly sarcopenia, geriatric anorexia, and dementia, are significant risk factors for multimorbidity.
Early detection and management of these syndromes are essential for preventing further morbidity and disability in older populations.