Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

State Space to Transfer Function01:21

State Space to Transfer Function

303
The conversion of state-space representation to a transfer function is a fundamental process in system analysis. It provides a method for transitioning from a time-domain description to a frequency-domain representation, which is crucial for simplifying the analysis and design of control systems.
The transformation process begins with the state-space representation, characterized by the state equation and the output equation. These equations are typically represented as:
303
Transfer Function to State Space01:23

Transfer Function to State Space

404
State-space representation is a powerful tool for simulating physical systems on digital computers, necessitating the conversion of the transfer function into state-space form. Consider an nth-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients, like those encountered in an RLC circuit. The state variables are selected as the output and its n−1 derivatives. Differentiating these variables and substituting them back into the original equation produces the state equations.
In an...
404
Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers01:23

Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Amplifiers

735
In small-signal analysis, a MOSFET transistor amplifier acts as a linear amplifier when operating in its saturation region. The gate-to-source voltage (VGS) of the MOSFET is the sum of the DC biasing voltage and the small time-varying input signal. This combination sets up the operating point and modulates the drain current (ID) that flows from the drain to the source. When a small AC signal is superimposed on the DC bias voltage at the gate, the instantaneous drain current comprises three...
735
Properties of Fourier Transform I01:21

Properties of Fourier Transform I

233
The application of Fourier Transform properties in radio broadcasting is multifaceted, enabling significant advancements in the way signals are transmitted and received. Key areas where these properties are utilized include simultaneous multi-channel transmission, audio clip speed adjustments, live broadcast delays for different time zones, audio frequency adjustments, and signal demodulation.
In radio broadcasting, multiple audio signals often need to be transmitted simultaneously. The Fourier...
233
Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain01:26

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

131
Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
In contrast, nonlinear systems do not inherently possess these properties. However, for small deviations around an operating point, a nonlinear system can often be approximated as linear....
131
Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

4.0K
Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
4.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A ROS-responsive supramolecular peptide hydrogel attenuates rheumatoid arthritis by modulating synoviocyte activity and inflammatory microenvironments.

Journal of materials chemistry. B·2026
Same author

The Enhancing Effect of Diminishing-Cues Retrieval Practice on the Learning of Difficult English Vocabulary.

Journal of psycholinguistic research·2026
Same author

Urothelial barrier alterations and urinary tract infection susceptibility after voiding cystourethrography: evidence from pediatric cohorts and experimental models.

Pediatric research·2026
Same author

When Scarcity Meets Sustainability: Consumer Preferences for Recycled Products.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Regulatory effects of different proportions of far-red light on key metabolic components in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.).

Journal of the science of food and agriculture·2026
Same author

Trityl-Nitroxide Triradicals for Efficient High-Field Dynamic Nuclear Polarization.

Analytical chemistry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
09:43

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

10.0K

Performance analysis of fully generalized spatial modulation based on FSO-MIMO system.

Yuanyuan Gan, Minghong Wu, Yongkang Xiong

    Applied Optics
    |August 12, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a fully generalized spatial modulation (FGSM) for free-space optical (FSO) systems, improving bit error rate (BER) and spatial efficiency in turbulent channels. The proposed Sorenson similarity algorithm optimizes antenna use, enhancing performance in complex FSO environments.

    More Related Videos

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
    07:45

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

    Published on: February 6, 2014

    11.0K
    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
    08:39

    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

    Published on: January 28, 2019

    9.9K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

    Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
    09:43

    Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

    Published on: March 20, 2017

    10.0K
    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
    07:45

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

    Published on: February 6, 2014

    11.0K
    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
    08:39

    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

    Published on: January 28, 2019

    9.9K

    Area of Science:

    • Optical communication systems
    • Wireless communication technologies
    • Signal processing

    Background:

    • Optical spatial modulation (OSM) enhances free-space optical (FSO) systems but faces limitations in complex channels.
    • Bit error rate (BER) and spatial resource utilization are critical performance metrics in FSO systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a fully generalized spatial modulation (FGSM)-FSO system resilient to joint channel effects.
    • To analyze the impact of system parameters on BER and spatial efficiency.
    • To introduce an algorithm for optimizing antenna utilization in FGSM-FSO systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Derivation of the upper bound of BER under joint channel effects (atmospheric turbulence, pointing error, attenuation).
    • Analysis of key factors: antenna count, modulation order, turbulence, and pointing error intensity.
    • Development of a Sorenson similarity coefficient selection algorithm for adaptive antenna combination.

    Main Results:

    • The FGSM-FSO system's BER performance is analyzed considering joint channel impairments.
    • The Sorenson similarity algorithm effectively optimizes antenna selection, reducing complexity and enhancing BER and spatial efficiency.
    • Optimizing transmitter/receiver antenna numbers and modulation order further improves FGSM-FSO performance.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed FGSM-FSO system offers enhanced BER and spatial resource utilization in challenging FSO environments.
    • The Sorenson similarity coefficient algorithm provides an effective method for adaptive antenna selection.
    • The FGSM-FSO scheme demonstrates superior performance compared to traditional FGSM under various turbulence conditions.