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High-conversion-efficiency mode converters based on cubic spline interpolation.

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    This study introduces a novel design for high-efficiency, broadband mode converters using cubic spline interpolation for mode-division multiplexing systems. The method enhances conversion efficiency and offers flexibility for various waveguide designs.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Communications
    • Integrated Optics
    • Waveguide Technology

    Background:

    • Mode converters are essential components in mode-division multiplexing (MDM) systems.
    • Efficient and broadband mode converters are crucial for advancing optical communication capacity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a flexible design method for high conversion efficiency (CE) and broadband mode converters.
    • To utilize cubic spline interpolation for designing irregularly shaped waveguide curves.

    Main Methods:

    • Employed cubic spline interpolation to define waveguide boundaries for mode converters.
    • Designed and theoretically analyzed TE0-TE1 and TE0-TE2 converters with varying multimode waveguide widths.
    • Manufactured devices using a standard foundry process.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved theoretical conversion efficiencies of -0.026 dB (99.4%) for TE0-TE1 and -0.039 dB (99.1%) for TE0-TE2 converters at 1550 nm.
    • Measured conversion efficiencies exceeded -0.419 dB (90.8%) across a broad wavelength range (1530-1565 nm).
    • Demonstrated design flexibility with different waveguide widths (1 µm and 1.1 µm).

    Conclusions:

    • The cubic spline interpolation method enables the design of high-performance mode converters.
    • The proposed design is adaptable to different mode orders and waveguide configurations.
    • The demonstrated devices show excellent efficiency and broadband performance, suitable for practical MDM systems.