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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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    This study introduces a new waveform decomposition method to accurately count photons in atmospheric LiDAR systems, overcoming signal distortion from photon pulse stacking. The technique significantly enhances the photon counting rate, expanding measurement capabilities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric science
    • Optical engineering
    • Signal processing

    Background:

    • Atmospheric LiDAR systems face photon counting rate saturation distortion due to photon pulse stacking in photomultiplier tube (PMT) outputs.
    • This distortion limits the accuracy and effective measurement range of traditional photon counting methods.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an advanced photon counting method for LiDAR echo signals that overcomes saturation distortion caused by photon pulse stacking.
    • To improve the accuracy and extend the measurement range of atmospheric LiDAR systems.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel waveform decomposition technique is proposed, utilizing the PMT's single-photon pulse response as a basis function.
    • The Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm is employed to separate individual photon components from the complex waveform signal.
    • A secondary algorithm identifies and inserts 'missing' photons obscured by stacking, addressing initial parameter determination issues.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed method successfully separates obscured photon components, enabling accurate counting even with stacked pulses.
    • For 1 GHz sampled echo signals, the photon counting rate upper limit increased from 200 MHz to 500 MHz compared to traditional peak detection.
    • This represents a significant expansion of the effective measurement range for photon counting in LiDAR.

    Conclusions:

    • The waveform decomposition method effectively resolves photon counting rate saturation distortion in atmospheric LiDAR.
    • This advancement enhances the reliability and extends the operational range of LiDAR systems for atmospheric measurements.