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Multicenter evaluation of the color vision screener test

Benjamin E W Evans, Marisa Rodriguez-Carmona, Franziska G Rauscher

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
    |August 12, 2025
    PubMed

    Abstract:

    An international multicenter study was designed and carried out to evaluate the color vision screener (CVS) test for normal trichromats and congenital color deficients. Over 400 participants from nine international Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) testing centers completed the CVS and the CAD test on calibrated visual displays. The CVS had a sensitivity and specificity [95% confidence intervals] of 1.00 [0.98-1.00] and 0.99 [0.97-1.00] with a positive and negative predictive index of 0.94 and 1.00 for an assumed prevalence of 8%. The CVS is quick, efficient, and easy to use, and its sensitivity is equivalent to the optimal published Ishihara protocol.

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    Color Vision01:24

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    Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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