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Area of Science:

Terahertz (THz) sensing
Metamaterials and Nanotechnology
Biosensor development

Background:

Dopamine detection is crucial for neurological and clinical diagnostics.
Existing detection methods often lack sensitivity, selectivity, or real-time capabilities.
Terahertz technology offers unique advantages for label-free biosensing due to its non-ionizing nature and sensitivity to molecular vibrations.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and numerically investigate a novel metasurface-based terahertz sensor for highly sensitive dopamine detection.
To explore the integration of graphene, borophene, and phosphorene for enhanced sensor performance.
To validate the sensor's reliability through machine learning optimization.

Main Methods:

Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics.
Design of a metasurface architecture with specific resonator dimensions and materials (graphene, borophene, phosphorene).
Machine learning optimization using polynomial regression to validate design reliability.

Main Results:

Consistent sensor operation across two THz frequency bands (0.1-0.3 THz and 1.2-1.6 THz).
Achieved tuning ranges of 16 GHz and 70 GHz.
Exceptional sensor performance metrics: sensitivity of 500 GHz/RIU, figure of merit of 8.333, and a detection limit of 0.223.
Machine learning validation yielded R² values exceeding 0.92.

Conclusions:

The proposed terahertz metasurface sensor demonstrates high sensitivity and reliability for dopamine detection.
The combination of graphene, borophene, and phosphorene offers a promising platform for advanced biosensing.
The sensor's design exhibits fabrication feasibility, suggesting potential for commercial applications in diagnostics.