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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

Overview of Hematopoiesis

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
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Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors01:28

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

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Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
Thrombopoietin (TPO), mainly released by the liver,...
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Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

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Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia,...
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis
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[Normal and emergency hematopoiesis: current concepts and clinical implications].

Olivia Gelo1, María Cecilia Foncuberta1, Julio César Sánchez Ávalos1

  • 1Servicio de Hematología y Trasplante Hematopoyético, Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Medicina
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Summary

Advancements in studying hematopoietic progenitor cells reveal how infections trigger emergency hematopoiesis, altering immune cell production and blood counts, impacting prognosis in inflammatory diseases and cancers.

Keywords:
emergency hematopoiesisinflammation and neoplasmsinnate immune memorymyeloid suppressor cellstrained immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology and Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Context:

  • Recent technological progress enhances understanding of bone marrow histoarchitecture.
  • Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) are crucial for hematopoiesis, maintaining self-renewal and differentiation.
  • The interaction between HPCs and the marrow microenvironment is increasingly understood through multi-omics approaches.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of emergency hematopoiesis.
  • To describe the characteristics and consequences of altered hematopoiesis during inflammation.
  • To investigate the role of HPCs in innate immune responses.

Summary:

  • Emergency hematopoiesis, induced by inflammatory signals, alters HPCs' genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolic profiles.
  • This process increases myelopoiesis while decreasing lymphopoiesis and erythropoiesis.
  • Key outcomes include increased HPC release into peripheral blood, extramedullary hemopoiesis, and the generation of innate immune memory and myeloid suppressor cells.

Impact:

  • Altered neutrophil/lymphocyte and monocyte/lymphocyte ratios in blood counts indicate adverse prognostic value.
  • Findings are relevant to chronic inflammatory diseases and neoplastic conditions.
  • Provides insights into the plasticity of HPCs and their role in immune system adaptation.