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In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the...
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Pore Engineering for Directional CO2 Enrichment in Urea Electrosynthesis.

Chun Li1, Haoyang Xu1, Nan Zou1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University of Ontario, 1150 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study enhances electrochemical urea synthesis from carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrate using engineered nanoporous carbon. Tailored pore structures boost CO2 utilization and selectivity, offering a sustainable solution for carbon and nitrogen pollution.

Keywords:
CO2 conversionHER suppressionelectrosynthesis of ureametal-free electrocatalystsnanopore engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Electrochemical urea synthesis from CO2 and nitrate presents a sustainable route for carbon emission and nitrogen pollution mitigation.
  • Challenges include low C-N coupling selectivity, competing hydrogen evolution, and poor CO2 utilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a nanopore-structure engineering strategy for metal-free porous carbon frameworks to enhance urea synthesis.
  • To improve CO2 binding affinity and utilization while suppressing hydrogen evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented nanopore-structure engineering in metal-free porous carbon frameworks.
  • Tailored pore length and surface chemistry, including oxygen functionalization.
  • Investigated gas-liquid-solid interactions and capillary gating effects.

Main Results:

  • Oxygen-functionalized surfaces enhanced CO2 binding via dipole-quadrupole interactions.
  • Elongated pores created a H2O-deficient nanoenvironment, prolonging CO2 residence time.
  • Achieved a 28% increase in Faradaic efficiency and 12% improvement in urea yield.

Conclusions:

  • Nanopore-level design is a novel concept for optimizing porous carbon supports in electrocatalysis.
  • This strategy effectively enhances urea selectivity and suppresses hydrogen evolution.
  • The approach offers a pathway for rational development of catalysts for sustainable chemical synthesis.