The evolving landscape of thyroid eye disease: present and future

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Endocrinology
• Immunology

Background:

• Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disorder linked to Graves' disease, causing orbital inflammation and tissue expansion.
• Current management often relies on corticosteroids, but targeted therapies are transforming patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of current and emerging therapies for Thyroid Eye Disease.
• To examine challenges in disease classification and outcome assessment.
• To highlight the evolving landscape of patient-centered care in TED management.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of current and emerging treatments for Thyroid Eye Disease.
• Analysis of recent advancements in understanding TED pathophysiology.
• Critical examination of disease classification and outcome assessment methods.

Main Results:

• Teprotumumab, an IGF-1R inhibitor, has shown significant efficacy in reducing proptosis and disease severity.
• Emerging therapies like Fc receptor inhibitors, TSHR blockers, and IL-6R antagonists offer new options for refractory TED.
• Despite progress, challenges in disease classification and outcome assessment persist.

Conclusions:

• Targeted therapies, particularly teprotumumab, represent a paradigm shift in managing Thyroid Eye Disease.
• Further research is needed to optimize therapeutic algorithms and refine risk stratification.
• A multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach is crucial for improving outcomes and quality of life in TED patients.